Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Law - Case Study Example If Y makes an offer to Z, it is a specific offer and Z is the only person who can accept it. But in many cases, it is immaterial to whom the offer is made. Offers made by advertisement are the commonest form of offers made to the world at large, and can be accepted by anyone by acting on them. 2 For this case, Igor made an offer through advertisement and it was to be accepted by anyone who acted on the advertisement. Jonquil acting on the advertisement accepted the offer through the post in an acceptance letter he wrote on January 29th. The advertisement said that anyone accepting to the offer must reply to the Ritz Hotel in London by February 1st. A contract had already been entered into between Igor and Jonquil immediately a letter of acceptance was posted. It is immaterial that Igor sold the guitar since he had not received any acceptance from Jonquil. The acceptance is considered complete immediately the letter of acceptance is posted, even if it is lost or destroyed in the post so that it never arrived. As long as the offeree can prove that he posted the letter of acceptance, the court will enforce the contract. b) Ali had made a contract between him and Blessing Builders for a fixed price of 5,000 but when the repair of the kitchen was half way finished Ali added them a further 700 since he heard the they were likely to abandon the work since they had under priced the job. It is immaterial for Ali to fail to pay them the extra 700 he had added them just because he lost money on the stock market. The extra 700 he added to encourage them to complete the repair of the kitchen had not been attached to any condition that failure of not making enough money on the stock market, would make him not pay them the extra amount. For this case, Blessing Builders should be paid their promise of an extra 700 since it was not attached to any condition. It is immaterial that he is failing to pay them since he made losses on the stock market. For this case, Blessing Builders may sue Ali for damages. Ali should not withhold the extra 700 he promised to give Blessing Builders upon completion of repairing the kitchen. 4 c) On the case where Neil was advised by his uncle to leave Manchester where he worked as an insurance clerk to undertake a dentist course as he give him monthly allowances, the uncle should be sued for breach of contract. Neil enjoyed a full social life in Manchester as he worked as an insurance clerk. His uncle disrupted his social life by advising him to take a dentist course in London as he promised to give him monthly allowances while studying. For this case, there was an intention to create

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production Essay

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production - Essay Example This strategy has been formulated in acknowledgement of the government's responsibility of "respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity" and launched through the publication of Securing the Future: Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy (2005). There are four definite strategic priorities that the government has decided upon, namely sustainable consumption and production, climate change, natural resource protection, and sustainable communities. The way the government deals with its priorities would be a decisive factor in determining whether we are, in fact, respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity. The UK government is talking of a "one planet economy" when it comes to its strategies for sustainable consumption and production. Securing the Future relates the fact that the environmental effects of increasing global consumption and production patterns are adverse to the point of severity. Moreover, trade liberalization has got to be promoted and supported internationally, along with environmental protection and sustainable development to help the developing nations of our world. ... another need expressed through the new strategy is to raise people's awareness of social and environmental issues so that all citizens and consumers would hold themselves responsible for respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity.In detail, the strategy for sustainable consumption and production involves seven concerns. First, it is crucial at this point in time that we engage in the augmentation of UK and international measures to improve the environmental performance of goods and services. This includes an enhancement of product design. Second, resource efficiency must be improved with renewed commitment. Waste must be reduced in addition to harmful emissions across business sectors. The Business Resource Efficiency and Waste (BREW) program is an aid and a means to achieve our goal. Third, the government would like to influence the consumption patterns of people across the world so as to respect the limits of the planet's environment, resources an d biodiversity. This strategy includes the issue of proposals for new advice - with latest facts - for consumers. Fourth, the UK government would like new commitments on sustainable procurement in the public sector. This is to make the United Kingdom a leader within the European Union by the year 2009. Fifth, the government plans to provide as much support as required for innovation to introduce new goods, materials, and services. Sixth, the UK government would like to strengthen its partnerships with key business sectors, that is, food, environmental industries, transport, tourism, retailers, and the construction industries. Lastly, the government aims to review its waste strategy with greater stress on moderating waste at source and making use of the waste as a

history and structure of the travel and tourism industry

history and structure of the travel and tourism industry Introduction Tourism is seen as one of the main industries in the world. The World Travel and Tourism Council (2001) indicated that tourism creates more than ten percent of the global economic output and 1 in 10 jobs worldwide. Tourism starts with the wealthy, with images of prestigious visits to seaside resorts and spas, Grand Tours and the activities of business enterprisers such as Thomas Cook (Towner, 1995). This paper describes the history and structure of the travel and tourism industry, the influence of local and national governments and international agencies, local and national economic policy, the effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry and the positive and negative impacts of tourism. History Based on my perception, I would categorize the history of travel tourism industry in three different time bands as follows: Before 1945 1945-1979 1980 to current day Before 1945 In ancient times and approximately till the end of the 16th century people were living in agricultural communities was stationary, seldom moving from the local area and rural community. Even with the beginning of the industrial revolution, which was making a slow start in the 18th century in urban and factory development, a richer elite class alone enjoyed leisure and travel, while the workers worked in situ. Indeed as industrialization got under way leisure time or holidays where they existed tended to decrease (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Prior to the 1950s, tourism was an industry which was inconsistent; hotels, transport operators, tour operators, travel agents, all tended to work separately. Hotels were mainly in the business to sell bed nights. Railways and airlines were in the business to sell seats, Travel agents, were selling travel and holidays however in each case they tended to work very much independently. Up until 1946, i.e. the period between the world wars, much of international travel was for the privileged, wealthy and elite groups in society. Thomas Cook introduced the first package tour in 1841, but in fact by that time the railways (The first passenger railway (Liverpool and Manchester) opened in 1830) themselves were offering excursion trips, for a traffic which they had not originally expected to carry. The first objective had been carriage of freight, and secondly the provision of faster transport for the current stagecoach travelers at far from cheap prices. The popularity of cheap excursion fares for special events was not expected (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) 1945-1979 If we look at the year 1945 as the year in which the development of the main growth in the tourism industry started, we can construct some general explanation concerning to the changes which one can differentiate in the tourism industry. From the mid-1950s onwards, mainly in the UK, the development of tour operators started changing the character of the industry from individual business activities to more integrated activities. Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than simply buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centers in order to increase the spend of guests within the hotel complex. Transport operators, particularly in the airline business, saw the sale of transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking for travelers (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) From 1950 onwards a combination of factors, such as increase in free time availability, increase in paid holidays, improvement of package tours, and growth in air transport all combined to offer a wider possible holiday-taking market. This market was different regarding socioeconomic groups from the pre-1950 era. 1980 to current day By the 1980s several airlines were offering full travel services such as arrangements for holidays, medical services, hiring car, etc. By 1990 the formation of the tourism industry, especially in the United Kingdom and Europe, was effected by the development of a number of very big companies. In the USA, American anti-trust laws discouraged, if not prohibited, the development of large integrated companies. The experience of American in operational tour has been very different from Europe, mainly compared with the United Kingdom (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Air travel improved even more rapidly. Nevertheless, this is only piece of the story, as nonscheduled traffic (charter services) increased considerably as well. Making up an estimated 18 per cent of total movement by the 1980s and 50 per cent or more on European routes, where the charter traffic took over the greater part of the holiday movement, as tour operators developed their own services (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Future The tourism business is likely to make important help to global economic development in the twenty first century. The cultural trade and understanding that is brought about through tourism is causing a more peaceful and internationalized universal society. Besides contributing to the expansion and renovation of local economies and communities, tourism development is playing an important role in both enhancing education and improving the position of the tourism business aimed at nurturing the next generation of those ready to take on the tourism business. The Structure of Travel Tourism Industry This is the Leipers model: There are 5 key elements of a tourism system Departing Travelers Traveler Generating Region Transit Route Region Tourist Destination Region Returning Travelers The first is the tourist (the human component), the next 3 components are geographical and organizational and relate to transport, tourist activities and the tourism industry which offers services, goods and facilities for tourists. The last is self explanatory. And the environment: Economic, Technological, Physical, Political, Socio-cultural, legal, etc. There are some contemporary influences: Changing actions and motivations of markets Changing patterns of tourist flows Require for planned tourism expansion Force for sustainable tourism expansion Concern for social, cultural and economic impacts of tourism The influence of local and national governments and international agencies The position of government is an essential and multipart side of travel and tourism industry, involving policies. State involvement in the trade is a fairly recent practice for central government. In general the state recognizes that the duties of the public sector must cover such matters as health, safety, fair trading and consumer interests and infrastructure in transport such as roads, railways and ports. These are all matters of direct concern to the resident population. There is a mixed record in the provision of leisure facilities, environmental protection and conservation which includes responsibility for the unique cultural heritage, an important part of Europes visitor attractions (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). The state tourism agency, tourist board or government department will have an important role to play in advising on the strategy, offering opportunities to consult and cooperate with a dispersed private sector, and preparing a destination marketing strategy based on an identification of the appropriate markets and their needs and wishes (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Based on periodic surveys of the government role by the WTO, the OECD and individual countries, the principal functions of a Ministry of Tourism or of agencies under government control can be summarized as: Research, statistics and planning. Marketing. Development of tourism resources. Regulation, including trade regulation. Training and education. Facilitation/liberalization. Local governments At the local level the regional or local authority has a role similar to that of the central government and in many ways a more comprehensive and important one. Indeed, in the early days of mass travel stimulated by the growth of the railway network, public sector intervention in tourism was solely at the local level. There were no national tourism organizations. The growth of large resorts, pioneered in Britain at the main seaside canters, encouraged the development of local tourism administrations to carry out the responsibilities of the host destination (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International organizations There are a number of international bodies, both governmental and nongovernmental, with tourism interests. Government bodies reflect the national governments interest in, and political will regarding, tourism intervention. In the industrialized countries, the tourism priority tends to be low. Because of the wide range of tourism activity the number of organizations with some concern or responsibility is great, but coordination and often cooperation as at the national level is weak. Furthermore, consultation with industry and operating sectors is often inadequate, as the sectors voice is weak. The main sector industry bodies inevitably present the case of their own trade, sometimes as in modes of transport in a competitive situation. Thus the collective tourism approach is hard to organize and sustain, even when cooperation at the operating level is effective (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). United Nations World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the United ?Nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a ?global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how (UNWTO 2007:1).? The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promoting the development of responsible, ?sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the ?interests of developing countries?. The Organization encourages the implementation ?of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with a view to ensuring that member ?countries, tourist destinations and businesses maximize the positive economic, ?social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its ?negative social and environmental impacts (www.wikipedia.org). The WTO has made efforts recently to strengthen its links with commercial and non-government partners through its system of affiliate membership which should help in the provision of practical guidance and as a basis for cooperative action (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry Tourism growth in many countries has not been this high, in particular those countries were faced with a range of political unstableness that have made happen to hold back development in tourism. The political aspects of tourism are interwoven with its economic consequences†¦tourism is not only a continuation of politics but an integral part of the worlds political economy. In short, tourism is, or can be, a tool used not only for economic but for political means (Edgell, 1990). IRAN Tourism in Iran before the accession of the theocracy was characterized by a significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, boasting cultural splendors and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities. Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s but has subsequently revived. Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and businesspeople. Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure, and they also include a large number of Diaspora Iranians returning to visit their families in Iran or making pilgrimages to holy Shia sites near Mashhad and elsewhere. Despite the international tensions, the government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue over the forecast period, and to talk of projects to build an additional 100 hotels, for example, to expand its currently limited stock. In the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training. In late 2003 there were about 640 hotels in Iran and around 63,000 beds. Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism. Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the world. Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years. Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of (www.wikipedia.org). CHINA After Maos death, one of the most senior officials who had advocated private plots in the early 1960s, Deng Xiaoping, initiated gradual market reforms that abolished the communes and collectivized industries of Mao, replacing them with the free-market system. Dengs reforms vastly improved the standard of living of the Chinese people, the competitiveness of the Chinese economy, and caused China to become one of the fastest growing and most important economies in the world. It also led to one of the most rapid industrializations in world history. For this achievement he is sometimes known as The Venerated Deng. As a result of Dengs reforms, China is widely regarded as a returning superpower. Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China has become one of the worlds most-watched and hottest outbound tourist markets. The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese outbound tourism boom. China is the worlds fourth largest country for inbound tourism. The number of overseas tourists was 55 million in 2007. Foreign exchange income was 41.9 billion U.S. dollars, the worlds fifth largest in 2007. The number of domestic tourists totaled 1.61 billion, with a total income of 777.1 billion yuan. According to the WTO, in 2020, China will become the largest tourist country and the fourth largest for overseas travel. In terms of total outbound travel spending, China is currently ranked fifth and is expected to be the fastest growing in the world from 2006 to 2015, jumping into the number two slot for total travel spending by 2015 (www.wikipedia.org). The effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry Most studies modeling the demand for tourism have either used visitor arrivals or tourism earnings as a dependent variable (Narayan, 2002). Tourism demand is base on which all tourism related business decisions eventually rest. Companies and governments as a point incase, tour operators, hotels, airlines, and leisure facility providers are interested in the demand for their products by tourists. The accomplishment of many businesses depends completely on the status of tourism demand, and final management collapse is pretty often because of the collapse to meet market demand. Influencing Factors As we all experience the change around us the questions arises how these developments will have an impact on tourism demand. To name just a few categories: Economy (e.g. from BIP over exchange rates to perceived risk of loosing the job) Politics (e.g. the enlargement of the EU, taxation, environment) Crisis and threats (e.g. terrorism, epidemic diseases, earth quakes) Demographic Change (e.g. age structure, migration, educational level) Technology (e.g. transport, communication, information) In addition we have to take into account the influences coming from general changes in consumer attitudes and, finally, the tourism industry itself, of course influencing the demand side of tourism (e.g. standardization of products, information channels, (over) capacities and price strategies). All these factors are linked to each other (Lohmann 2004). How can these factors have an impact? Holiday demand is driven by needs, motives, and expectations, its realization depends on the individual economic situation and the freedom to travel. Thus: External factors may have an impact on tourism demand by affecting the ability to travel (freedom, time, money, fitness) and the motivation to do so. Consumer Behavior is not a reaction on a single factor but on the whole set of influencing external factors. In addition it is driven by internal factors (e.g. motives, abilities etc.). Thus, the impact of a change in a single external factor is limited Most of the external factors seem to be in favor for a sound development of tourism demand in Europe in the years to come. However, there are no signs for a general boom (Lohmann 2004). Supply While many tourism studies are focused on the demand side of tourism that is, the tourist, the supply side of the industry is often overlooked. Supply is seen as being modeled by five independent components: attractions, transportation, services, information and promotion. Most important component is the tourism attraction (Gunn, C. A. 1997). The supply of recreation and tourism is a complex combination of natural amenities, recreational sites, access, and private sector business activity which is influenced by an array of factors that act to provide opportunities that satisfy leisure-based travel demands. Measures of recreational site density that account for both physical/geographic size and population, or social capacity are used as key explanatory variables in models of tourism dependence (Marcouiller, Prey, 2004). The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism The range impacts of Tourism include economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Impacts could be negative and positive, but should never be undervalued. The conception of sustainability is factored into these tourism impacts, when the size of the impacts turns out to be large enough to intensely change socio-cultural, environmental and economic areas of a tourist destination. Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an assault of peoples privacy, dignity, and authenticity. Here are possible positive effects of tourism: Developing positive attitudes towards each other Learning about each others culture and customs Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes Developing friendships Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each others culture Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists Psychological satisfaction with interaction So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction. For example in Uzbekistan, particularly in such famous regions as Samarqand, Buhara, and Horezm tourists contribute significantly to the preservation of traditional handcrafting wood carving, hammered copper work, handmade silk and carpets, and of course to preservation and maintenance of architectural and historical monuments. Since Uzbekistan proclaimed its independence in 1991 many museums and monuments were renovated or opened to promote the national culture and traditions. Growing interest in this culture makes the local people proud of their way of life. On the other side tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion. Claims of tourism as a vital force for peace are exaggerated. Indeed there is little evidence that tourism is drawing the world together (Robinson 1999). In this context economic and social impacts on the local community depend on how much of the incomes generated by tourists go to the host communities. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. On the other hand large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. Tourism has the power to affect cultural change. Successful development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts. Among these are overdevelopment, assimilation, conflict, and artificial reconstruction. While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture. There are also both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the local ecology. Tourism often grows into mass-tourism. It leads to the over consumption, pollution, and lack of resources. However, from the ecological point of view tourism is often more acceptable and preferable than any other industrial production, as it is environmentally friendlier (Batir Mirbabayev, Malika Shagazatova, 2007). Conclusion Tourism is widely believed to be the most rapidly growing industry in both developing and developed countries, consider tourism as one means for creating new jobs and reducing unemployment in different regions (Balali, 2009). The history of tourism is one of lumpy expansion, periods of massive growth interrupted by periods of recessions and stagnation (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International travel and tourism is the backbone of globalization and enriches the world in many ways: It promotes economic growth, increases trade, advances development, and creates higher disposable incomes. It also strengthens communities, and, by bringing together people from diverse regions and backgrounds, advances the goals of peace and global understanding. These benefits hold true for developing, emerging, and industrialized countries, and they provide a major platform on which other industries can build (Gross, 2007).

Ben-hur Essay -- essays research papers

Ben-Hur was transformed from bible scripture to a movie because it is the most read scripture in the Bible. The scripture tells the story of a man, Judah Ben-Hur, who trades his life as the prince of Jerusalem with the life of a slave. The story tells of his journeys and triumphs as a slave. The story starts with the five wise men as their journey to find Jesus. When they arrive in Bethlehem they come bearing gifts for the newborn king. After the birth of Jesus the movie changes to two Roman soldiers who are in a meeting. One of the soldiers, Tribune Musala, is an old friend of Judah. Judah comes in and meets with Musala and invites him to his home for dinner and to see his family. Musala tells Judah how the Romans will conquer his people and if he wants to save his family he can turn in the Rebels who plan to revolt. Judah is enraged that his friend would ask him to turn in his own people, and storms out of the meeting. After the meeting Judah returns home to find an old friend/slave of his there waiting for him. The slave asks permission that his daughter be allowed to marry. Judah gladly grants his wish and meets the young woman, Esther. The two have a private talk in which Judah grants Esther her freedom and says that he will wear her slavery ring until he finds his true love. The Romans enter Jerusalem and the entire city watched from rooftops. As Judah and Esther watched Esther accidentally knocks a shingle loose and scares a horse causing it to kick and buck a general from the horse killing the general. The Romans enter the city and arrest Judah, his sister, and mother. His friend Musala orders Judah to be sent to the galleys. Judah escapes from confines to find Musala and asks him why he would do this to a friend. Musala says, "People will fear me for persecuting my own friend." A chain gang of slaves traveling through the desert stop so the Romans can get a drink of water. The guards allow the slaves very little water, but allow their horses to drink a plentiful amount. The guards say "No water for him" referring to Judah. A man gives Judah water and the guard gets angry and yells at the man. The guard and the man look at each other and the guard cowards. The man is portrayed as Jesus. At the end of the desert travels Judah finds himself in the galleys of a boat as a num... ...ate Musala’s legs, however he wants to wait to see Judah first. Judah arrives and Musala tells him that his family is not dead and that they are in fact in the valley of the lepers. Musala then died in front of Judah. When Judah goes to the valley of the lepers he sees Esther, he gets angry with her for lying to him. She explains their plea to her. Judah then returns to the valley again the next day, this time to see his mother and sister. When he sees his mother she tells him that his sister, Tirza is dying. They go to see Tirza and take her to Rome. When they arrive they find out that a man is being tried. They find that the man being tried was actually Jesus being crucified. As Jesus is carrying his cross up the hill he falls down and is whipped. Judah gave him some water as he did for Judah in the past. One of the guards kicks the water away from Jesus. The four watch as Jesus is crucified. Later that night the three women are sitting in a cave when a bad storm rolls in. At the peak of the storm Jesus died. After the death of Jesus Marium and Tirza are cured of their Leprosy. They then see Judah the next day and everyone was happy that they were cured.

Collaboration Quiz Essay

What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? Having diversity in a collaborative learning environment opens up more possibilities of learning, you will have more ideas and different views on the situation. The advantages on diversity are the different backgrounds of the group members. Because of this they’ll all have a different way of thinking about the subject at hand. With different attitudes, learning styles, and work ethics it really makes a difference in a collaboration learning environment. One of these advantages is they we all have stories of what we know and or been through. So having information on something you have learned on been through in the past is a valuable input. How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration? The factors of diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration by setting a different mood of the situation. All of these combusts can either be a good thing or a bad thing. Since we all are very different in every way one person may feel as their answer is right and don’t deserve to be changed. The different work styles also affect collaboration for example some people are faster workers than others and are very impatient while others like to take their time and double check their work for error. But this may also be a good thing; since there are so many inputs onto the situation their way or thinking may change and will come to a conclusion on the best answer. How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group? I think personal responsibility has a strong influence on the work and success of a group, because a lot of people have families and jobs to take care of and at the end of the day they are very tired and feel to rest. There are a lot of things that can happen unexpectedly that no one can predict that’ll cost you to take time off from classes. This can affect the success of the group because if you do not post in the chat how will anyone know if you have your work of the assignment that needs to be turn in?

Economic Development

The accelerated economic growth has compelled the employers and firms to hire a set of highly skilled and well educated workforce to keep up the pace with the dynamic developments. Employees worldwide have several reasons for their inability to take up a job like unsuitable geographic conditions, not being up to the mark with certain qualifications etc. but on the other hand, India is one such country where workforce is available in abundance but there are only limited candidates suitable to fill up the jobs and thus employer finds it difficult to find a perfect candidate. Shortage of relevant skills including hard and soft skills, being uneducated or unqualified results in less or no employability. Moreover, unlike other countries which are facing a burden of ageing population, India has a benefitting edge with a unique 20-30 years window of majority of the population and thus has a supporting demographic dividend. The main focus for the paper has turned to skill gap in the economy. A study by Rupam Jyoti Deka and Bhavika Batra (2016) has focused on the skill gap prevailing in the country. Indian workforce needs to acquire skills and knowledge in order to gain employability. As per the Planning Commission Reports of 2008, India has a huge skill gap compared to other countries. Percentage of workforce receiving skill training (2008) With the rising influence of globalization, India has immense opportunities to establish its distinctive position in the world economy. The rural workforce still lacks in skill development and good quality education for them to qualify and secure a job {Radhika Kapur, (2014)}. They need to develop skills for the purpose of obtaining skill sufficiency in resource utilization, governance, leadership, technology, management and so on. A study by A. Mahendra (2015) suggests that education alone does not suffice. For proper execution, skills are necessary. The importance of skill is an unattended area except in few areas like Medicine, Engineering etc. that too in very few institutes. The graduates are still struggling in free and confident communication, lack of boldness to present the presentations and projects. India is composed by demographic dividend with multiple languages, cultures, religion etc. So teaching in common language is not possible, if we continue doing this, other issues are cropped up. In 2014, the Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Damodar Das Modi announced and requested the global economies to ‘produce in India' by launching a campaign ‘Make in India'. About 63% of Indian youth indicated a dire need to create employment in manufacturing sector, a study by Ankul Pandey and Prof. D.K. Nema (2017) indicated. Another paper by Ankul Pandey, Prof. D.K. Nema (2017) and AnnaLee Saxenian (2002) raised the concerns about an issue of Brain Drain or Brain Circulation. Brains of Indian people are immeasurably intellectual and has proved the worth and stand of India at various Global Levels including NASA, or holding a well reputed and respected positions in global firms including Google, Microsoft, Pepsi co. to name a few. But due to lack of job opportunities, the Indian talent is draining out to other countries which are willing to offer better positions with higher opportunities and perks. The emigration of highly skilled personnel to other countries represents a huge economic loss and brain drain. The main causes for this drain to happen be obviously lack of growing opportunities and availability of very few seats for huge number of job applicants. Also, higher salaries and perks attract huge number of job seekers improving their standards of living. AnnaLee Saxenian (2002) introduced a new concept of ‘Brain Circulation'. Brain circulation widely means returning of a personnel back to his own country after learning and experiencing the advancements in education, skill or work and contributing his part in the growth and development of the domestic economy instead of permanently settling down in the foreign country. Brain circulations would definitely prove a game changer if it is honestly practiced and this would be possible only if India would improve its skill development and increase the job opportunities and offer more perks and employee benefits. As per the study by Aya Okada (2012), the difficulties faced by youth for seeking jobs are:Intense globalization has led to intense competition among firms which is leading to improvement in their efficiency forcing them to hire few but highly skilled personnel.Global economy has led firms to engage in massive restructuring resulting in fewer job openings.Rapid technological advancements require workers to have moral complex and cognitive skills than ever. The economy now is more of ‘knowledge based'.Due to increase in migration of labour, the youth is exposed to increased intense competition even from workers globally who offer more knowledge, skills and competencies.To improve the conditions of employability and to produce more efficient labour, the government has launched several campaigns and movements. There is a measurable skill gap between what industries demand and the acquired skills of the youth. Youth's access to vocational training is limited because the vocational education and training systems across the nation is not large enough to be able to accommodate many schools and graduates. However, the government has formulated National Skills Development Policy, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, and Skill India; set up a new institutional framework to coordinate the skill development efforts and National Vocational Education Qualification Framework.

Socrates and Plato essays

Socrates and Plato essays Socrates was a common Athenian whose father was a stonecutter and mother a midwife. (Jowett, 7) Plato was an Athenian aristocrat who early in life came under the influence of Socrates. He wrote more than twenty dialogues, many of which feature his teacher and hero, Socrates. (Jowett, 7) Socrates left no writings and most of what we know about him was left by Plato. One of the most famous pieces that were left by Plato was the Court of Justice hearing with Socrates vs. Meletus. Meletus proclaims in this hearing that Socrates is a bad Athenian and that he also has been corrupting the young. He also states that Socrates is a complete Atheist and does not believe in the gods at all. Socrates seems like a very smart individual during this hearing as he makes Meletus contradict himself over and over throughout the hearing. The questions that Socrates asks are very straight forward and Meletus has a hard time answering them because it seems as if he knows that Socrates is trying to make him answer easy questions first, and have a spin-off of the same question, but in different context, and he knows that his answer will probably differ from is original answer. This does happen, and throughout most of the trial Socrates makes Meletus look very foolish to the judges. Then he quits asking questions to Meletus and starts deliberating his case to the judges and to the audience. His points throughout his deliberation are very simple and quite mind boggling. He points out that people delight in spending time with him, because he point out the people that believe they are wise and in actuality are not. He also states that he never gives advice publicly or at an assembly advising the state, but gives it privately while peddling around mingling with young scholars. He also points out that he is not trying to make the judges and audience feel guilty by bringing his family and kids to the hearing because ...

The eNotes Blog National Book Critics Circle FinalistsAnnounced

National Book Critics Circle FinalistsAnnounced Its award season, not just for movies, but for books as well. Yesterday, the National Book Critics Circle announced its finalists for the 2012 publishing year.   Since 1976, the   National Book Critics Circle has given the award in order to promote the  finest books and reviews published in English.   The American organization has selected thirty books eligible for a total of six prizes.   Those six categories are  autobiography, biography, criticism, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Two of the titles in contention have already received much critical and popular acclaim, Katherine Boos   Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity.   and Billy Lynns Long Halftime Walk  Ã‚  by Ben Fountain Other Fiction Finalists: Laurent Binet’s  HHhH, about the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich Zadie Smith’s London-set  NW Adam Johnson’s  The Orphan Master’s Son, a frightening look into  Kim Jong Il’s North Korea. (Both Fountain’s  Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk and  Ã‚  Binet’s  HHhH  are first novels.) Biographies Robert A. Caro’s  The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson   Tom Reiss’s  The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo  , about General Dumas, father of the famous novelist Lisa Cohen’s  All We Know: Three Lives   about early 20th-century trend setters Esther Murphy, Mercedes de Acosta and Madge Garland Lisa Jarnot’s  Robert Duncan,  The Ambassador from Venus: A Biography Autobiography My Poets  by  Maureen N. McLane Swimming Studies by  Leanne Shapton The Distance Between Us  by  Reyna Grande In the House of the Interpreter  by  NgÃ… ©gÄ © wa Thiong’o House of Stone: A Memoir of Home, Family, and a Lost Middle East  by  Anthony Shadid Poetry   Bewilderment: New Poems and Translations  by  David Ferry Useless Landscape, or A Guide for Boys  by  D. A. Powell Olives: Poems (Triquarterly)  by A.E. Stallings Non-fiction Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity  by Andrew Solomon Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic  by  David Quammen For a complete list of finalists, click here. The winners will be announced on  Thursday, February 28, 2013 at 6:00 p.m.

Blue Ocean Strategy

Blue ocean strategy is a book of business strategy by W. Chan Kim and Renà ©e Mauborgne. The blue ocean strategy explains how to move your business into new markets with less competition and greater profitability. The book is basically divided into three main parts. The first part covers some important concepts of blue ocean strategy such as value innovation, differentiation and low cost and key analytical tools and frameworks used in this strategy. The second part explains the four steps of blue ocean strategy formulation. The main idea behind this book is to present an organized framework for identifying and implementing out of the box and never been thought before blue ocean strategies. If one is capable of thinking out of the box, something other than a traditional strategy then it will enable us in formulating a blue ocean. The basic idea of blue ocean strategy is to reconstruct market boundaries to break from the competition and create blue oceans. The main idea behind consisted of two parts: first was to discover whether systematic patterns existed in reconstructing market boundaries and secondly whether r not these applied to all kinds of businesses and industry sectors. The researchers found six basic approaches also called six paths framework for reconstructing market boundaries. These six approaches challenge the traditional six assumptions involved in formulating strategies which lead to creating red oceans. They proceed by emphasizing on the fact that the companies should break out of these boundaries which they define by themselves on how to compete. Path One: Look across alternative industries The first path for a company is not only to compete with firms in its own industry but it should also consider the firms in alternative industries offering such products and services which have different functions and forms but serve the same purpose. One such example is that of Net Jets which came up with the idea of fractional jet ownership. Net Jets created a multi billion dollar Blue Ocean of private jets and commercial travel which offered low variable and fixed costs as compared to commercial airline travelling and thus it created a entirely new market and was the only  survivor and market leader of all the 57 new entrants. Similar example is that of NTT DoCoMo which broke out of Red Ocean of intense competition by breaking the tradeoff between the alternatives. Path Two: Look across different strategic groups within industries The second path given by Blue Ocean is to get out of the competition by looking across different strategic groups. In this context the different companies in an industry working on a similar strategy fall under one strategic group and others in different strategic groups. And in this highly intense and competitive market the key to creating a Blue Ocean across different strategic groups is to break out of these by creating a better understanding of the factors that determine customers’ decision to trade up or down from one group to another. A very good example given here is that of Curves which is a women fitness company, broke out of the completion by building on the advantages of both the traditional health clubs and the home exercise programs. Other examples are that of Ralph Lauren, Toyota Lexus, Sony Walkman and Champion Enterprises which created Blue Oceans by breaking out of their strategic groups by offering the advantages of both the strategic groups of their industries that resulted in their success. Path Three: Look across Chain of Buyers In most of the industries it has been a trend to target only a single type of buyer. However there is a chain of buyers which includes the purchasers, the actual users and some times also the influencers. Each of these three groups of buyers may seem similar to the seller but actually they are different as they provide different value. Conventionally different industries focus only on a single customer segment and think that they are the only possible target customers, however it is a wrong approach and they need to think out of the box which can lead to creating new Blue Oceans. Novo Nordisk a Danish insulin producing company created a Blue Ocean in the insulin industry. Previously Nordisk like all other pharmaceuticals focused only on doctors which are the influencers. But Novo Nordisk came up with the idea of Novo Pen which was easy to use and was targeted directly at the end users that is the diabetes patients. This helped them in creating a blue ocean and continuous improvement and advancement in their offering resulted in  maintaining their Blue Ocean success. Path Four: Look across complementary product and service offerings This path explains that the importance of complementary products and services should never be overlooked as the untapped value is often hidden in them. Providing the facilities of baby sitting and car parking are complementary to movie theatres. NABI made use of the fiberglass instead of steel body buses and had a huge impact on lowering the maintenance and other costs and created a Blue Ocean in the bus industry. Philips created the kettle with a mouth filter and Barns and Noble came up with knowledgeable staff in their lounging were such complementary products and service which were revolutionary. Path Five: Look across functional or emotional appeal to buyers There are different types of appealing strategies that are adopted by companies to appeal the customers. Some of these are functional while others are emotional. The different examples discussed in this case are the Cemex (Mexican Cement Company) and QB house (Japanese Barber shop) which created Blue Oceans by appealing their customers through different functional and emotional offerings. Path Six: Look across time This path illustrates that how important it is to have foresight and keep in mind the changes that are to take place with passage of time. This can be done by looking across the time in terms of the value a market delivers today to the value it may deliver tomorrow. Apple capitalized on the changing trend in the music industry and came up with ITunes music store for its IPod which also helped it in stopping illegal selling of music and creating a Blue Ocean. Cisco Systems also looked ahead of time and accounted for the growing demand of high speed data exchange with its routers, switches and other networking devices. 2. Focus on the Big Picture, Not the Numbers Traditionally what most of the strategies lack is that they don’t think out of the box and thus lack the view of the big picture and thus they key is to create a strategy canvas to arrive at a Blue Ocean. Drawing Your Strategy Canvas Drawing a strategy canvas has never been an easy to do job. It involves  identifying the key factors of competition which can be done by assessing that to what extent your company and its competitors offer the most competing factors and what are the actions that are being taken by you and your competitors. This process after the implementation of six step model involves steps in visualizing strategy which are as follows: Step One: Visual Awakening The process of visual awakening is very important to change the mind set of such people especially the executives who are resistant to change and like the status quo. However this problem can be overcome by asking such people to draw the value curve of their company’s strategy which will trigger the need for change in their minds and thus they will be inclined towards change and will come up with new and different strategies. Step Two: Visual Exploration The wakeup call was just the first step. The next step is to send team it to field, putting managers face to face with customers and experiencing by themselves what problems they have with their products and services and what are their perceptions. This task should not be outsourced as it is very important to see these things by your self rather than letting others do the work of your eyes. They should observe their customers (existing, lost and new ones) as well the customers of their competitors and then come back and analyze their strategies. Step Three: Visual Strategy fair In the third step of visualizing strategy the teams are asked to draw six new curves of strategy and create a compelling tagline which can emphasize the strategy in a better way. After that the teams are asked to present them and on the basis of feedback and discussion the new curves for strategy are formulated. Step Four: Visual Communication The last step is to communicate the newly formulated future strategy to employees in an easy and understandable manner. This can be done by distributing one pager showing old and the new strategies to the employees and then can be discussed with every one. 3. Reach beyond Existing Demand The third principle for creating Blue Ocean is to reach beyond the existing demand. This to increase the demand for a new offering and two strategies are followed by companies to achieve this goal. One is to focus on existing markets and customers and the other is to target finer markets or customer segments to accommodate buyer differences. Another important concept explained here is to maximize the size of Blue Ocean, which says that once the Blue Ocean has been created the next step is to maximize its size. For this purpose companies instead of focusing on their customers try to focus on the non-customers by taking the reverse approach which allows the companies to unlock mass of customers and demand which did not exist before. Callaway Golf is one such company which created demand for its offering by focusing on its non-customers. The Three Tiers of Non-Customers According to Blue Ocean strategy there are three different tiers of non-customers that can be converted in to customers which are as follows: i. The first tier of non-customers is closest to market sitting on its edge waiting to jump ship and shift to another industry as soon as the opportunity knocks. ii. The second tier is of customers who refuse to use you offerings. These are buyers who have used your industry offerings just as an option to fulfill their needs but have often voted against them. iii. The third tier is of non-customers who are farthest from your market and have never thought or considered of using you industry offerings as an option and can only be attracted by focusing on commonalities. 4. Get the Strategic Sequence Right The fourth principle of formulating the Blue Ocean strategy is to get the strategic sequence right. This principle focuses on building robust business models to ensure healthy profits based on Blue Ocean strategy.

You are What you eat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

You are What you eat - Essay Example is a documentary which seeks to portray the hazards of unhealthy eating and its deprecations. The article seeks to convince its viewers that eating natural foods and avoiding industrialized/manufactured foods is suitable for people’s health both in short and long term. The film received mixed reactions from both its critics and supporters, but generally it did achieve its primary objective of sensitizing the people against industrialized foods of which was a noble cause (Top documentary films). Hence, it is essential to choose carefully what one eats as it will determine how healthy the body will be. The documentary Food Inc. was directed by Robert Kenner and co-produced by Eric Schlosser who is also the author of Fast Food Nation. The film explains the situation which arises due to people consuming industrialized foods. It also offers a rejoinder through the president of Stoneyfield Farm which is a highly successful organic yoghurt farm. The film also highlights the acquisiti on of previously independent businesses by multinationals. Examples of such businesses include Kasha which was taken over by Kellogg and Cascadian Farm which was taken over by General Mills. Furthermore, the film portrays how dishonest some farmers are by showing an interview on Joel Salatin, the philosopher farmer from Polyface Farm who shamelessly guts a chicken while explaining how to farm honorably. There is also the issue of access and cost of the health oriented food where a customer drives for five hours so as to pay a premium for Salatin’s products (Top documentary films). One of the film’s sub claims is that most farms which grow organic food do so because of their own financial gain but not for the sake of the buyer and food consumer. This means that the proprietors of the farms can easily drop organic farming if the returns were matching expected profitable levels. A perfect example is Joel Salatin who is a philosopher farmer and is eating chicken while advi sing people on how to practice honorable farming. This clearly shows that even though such farmers know the advantages of organic farming, they are still not ready to abandon the unhealthy foods by consuming the food that they grow and sell to others. The situation also emphasizes on the fact that these categories of farms’ proprietors do not have the consumers’ interests at heart, but instead they engage in organic farming because they are assured of a ready market for their organic products. This market is made up of those people who are keen on what they eat and are aware of the effects foods have on their bodies. The farmers seem to be in the right form of business because their products are in demand and are selling at relatively high prices. This is justified considering the customers who drive for five hours just to get the organic products at a premium rate. Hence, it is justifiable to say that the motive of the film i.e. to portray the farm owners as people wh o engage in organic farming just for profit purposes was successful and effective. Many large companies are manufacturing food because it is much more profitable and less consuming. This is supported by the fact that industrialized foods take a shorter period to be delivered for consumption when compared with organic foods. Despite the disadvantages that come with industrialized foods, they are also beneficial in some ways. Some of the biggest advantages include the fact that they can withstand harsh conditions and are less prone to diseases and infections. These make the foods popular because many farmers and business people prefer to deal with foods that have minimal risk (Johnson 56). However, the advantages of industrialized foods are just a small incentive when compared with

HIPPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HIPPA - Essay Example The health sector across the world has developed various strategies for reducing medical errors and its effects (Becher and Chassin, 2010). These strategies are designed to reduce the increasing cases of medication errors and the impact of such errors on patients’ health. To be certain that the correct drug in the right dosage and route is prescribed to the right person at the right time, health care professionals ought to adopt and make proper use of Bar Code Label Rule. The Bar Code Label Rule requires the introduction of bar code on specified biological products and drugs. The bar code is then used to scan drugs and equipment to ensure proper drug administration. Over years, the Bar Code Label Rule has demonstrated significant contribution in zero rating cases of medication errors. Additionally, educational training on the most effective ways of reducing medication errors is relatively critical to all health care professionals. Training on interventional risk management, emerging medical errors prevention, techniques can also be effective in reducing medication errors as well as promoting team work among health professionals. To counter complications associated with drug name confusion, the health center ought to have a systematic and effective drug labeling mechanism. There is also need for pharmaceutical companies to develop a workable labeling mechanism that will reduce confusion in drug administration. The pharmacy technicians should complete medication history on the medication forms to necessitate correct drug prescription. This would reduce cases of incorrect prescription as in the case of Darnell Mares who was given Topril instead of Topramax. Additionally, cooperation between all stakeholders in hospital settings is also effective in reducing medication errors. Pablo Garca was prescribed with the drugs prescribed for Maria Garcia due to lack of proper communication among health professionals The heath center should consider introducing the

NAFTA and Mexican Trucking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NAFTA and Mexican Trucking - Assignment Example These objectives are actually not fair, since, after a reported pilot study that allowed an initial 100 Mexican trucks to cross the U.S. borders within the stipulated safety standards, the results actually indicated that the Mexican drivers exhibited greater and higher conformity to safety regulations and standards, as compared to the counterparts in the U.S. Â  3. Does it make economic sense for the United States to bear the costs of punitive tariffs as allowed for under NAFTA, as opposed to letting Mexican trucks enter the United States? In evaluating the scenario, it could actually be more beneficial for the U.S. to bear the costs of tariffs rather than completely allow unrestricted entry of Mexican trucks to enter the U.S. If this is allowed, it could be perceived that a barrage of cheaper goods could create an oversupply in the American market which would destabilize the demand and supply of various products, and likewise affect costs and pricing structures. Imposition of the tariffs would at least ensure that American manufacturers and producers would still look for the local markets are a more sensible option to market their goods and to be consumed by the American citizens at significantly lower costs.

Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Essay Example The moral and economic implications of Occupy Wall Street movement are quite diverse in nature. The major facets of the movement are social and economic disparity, greediness, corruption and unwarranted power of business organizations on government. The moral issues of Occupy Wall Street movement comprise equality, care and freedom (Kaneck, 2012). The common concern recognized in the movement is the wealth gap between 1% (who are categorized as wealthy businessmen and bankers) and the 99% (who are the other citizens including the protestors). According to the protestors, the 1% has excessive wealth and authority and also has power over economic well-being of the nation. The protestors of Occupy Wall Street movement view the rich as frauds who misuse the economic systems and policies (Jickling & Hoskins, 2011). Thoroughly Analyze Each of the Implications Identified Above Against the Utilitarian, Kantian, and Virtue Ethics to Determine Which Theory Best Applies To the Movement; Thoroug hly Supported Your Position with Examples and Evidence Ethical theories have been considered for analyzing the protest movement. The above implications of Occupy Wall Street movement can be analyzed by using three major ethical theories which are Utilitarian, Kantian and Virtue Ethics. Utilitarian approach generally depends on the view that ethical activities can generate most of the good outcomes for society and economy. It is a general belief that society is the net outcome of individual choices for conducting certain activities. Utilitarian ethics possess the view that appropriate course of activities can enhance the value of individuals, increase the happiness and minimize the sufferings of people in a society. Kantian ethics is based on the thought of ethical responsibility. It proclaims that an activity can only be considered as ethical if it is conducted on the basis of duty, rather than on the basis consequences of such actions. The outcome of Kantian ethics is subject to th e statement that there is no inherent connection between happiness and virtue. It highlights the right activity over the good activity. On the other hand, virtue ethics concentrates on the role of an individual for defining or assessing ethical behaviors and activities. The differences between these three ethics depend on the way ethical problems are approached (Cobbett & Germain, 2012). With respect to the Occupy Wall Street movement, unseen events of bailout, movement of money and economic crisis are all agreed upon certain activities of people. Considering the above three ethical theories, utilitarian ethics best match with the implications of Occupy Wall Street movement. It can be observed that the objective of Occupy Wall Street movement is to minimize the corruption and enhance the participation of government in order to support the economic growth and to ensure equality of wealth and income. Furthermore, the moral and economic implications with respect to the minimization of unemployment, income inequality and equal wealth distribution can only be possible if utilitarian ethics is followed (Asanuma, 2011). Thoroughly Determine Who Is Responsible For Income Inequality And Wealth Distribution In The U.S. In Your Analysis, Make Sure To Include If This Is Something That Happened Suddenly or If It Built Up

Saudization of Iraqi Families Living in Saudi Arabia Essay

Saudization of Iraqi Families Living in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example What they faced while they were settling and how they managed to make their place in the society is what the research will be focusing on. The research will mainly focus on a group of conservative families. The main area of concentration as said earlier will be on the social changes experienced as a result of moving into a more conservative Islamic state and highlighting the ability of these families to cope with the differing cultures whilst still trying to keep their identity. These families were considered to be a minority amongst the other foreigners living in Saudi Arabia. The immigrating purposes also vary from one family to another significantly and they all have their own stories to tell. Underneath the coherent appearance of these small community members there is a visible disruptive effect of the migration process seen on the surface. However this can be identified by only someone who has a close connection or understanding with the emotional side that these people face and they can reach their innermost thoughts and experiences and break the barriers of pride. I hope to be able to provide this missing connection and the feelings that have not been yet understood. Firstly I’ll analyze whether the Iraqi families adopted the Saudi way of living as part of adjustment in the society or have they been able to maintain their own distinctiveness? Secondly, what kind of problems of continuity of the two generations have they faced? Have the first generation been able to transfer their beliefs and thoughts to the second generation or has the influence of the Saudi society been more forceful and powerful than they realized. While I conducted a survey of the available information and data with regards to the migration of the Iraqi’s to Saudi Arabia, I was unable to find any detailed study using the ethnographic details available for research.

NAFTA and Mexican Trucking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NAFTA and Mexican Trucking - Assignment Example These objectives are actually not fair, since, after a reported pilot study that allowed an initial 100 Mexican trucks to cross the U.S. borders within the stipulated safety standards, the results actually indicated that the Mexican drivers exhibited greater and higher conformity to safety regulations and standards, as compared to the counterparts in the U.S. Â  3. Does it make economic sense for the United States to bear the costs of punitive tariffs as allowed for under NAFTA, as opposed to letting Mexican trucks enter the United States? In evaluating the scenario, it could actually be more beneficial for the U.S. to bear the costs of tariffs rather than completely allow unrestricted entry of Mexican trucks to enter the U.S. If this is allowed, it could be perceived that a barrage of cheaper goods could create an oversupply in the American market which would destabilize the demand and supply of various products, and likewise affect costs and pricing structures. Imposition of the tariffs would at least ensure that American manufacturers and producers would still look for the local markets are a more sensible option to market their goods and to be consumed by the American citizens at significantly lower costs.

Saudization of Iraqi Families Living in Saudi Arabia Essay

Saudization of Iraqi Families Living in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example What they faced while they were settling and how they managed to make their place in the society is what the research will be focusing on. The research will mainly focus on a group of conservative families. The main area of concentration as said earlier will be on the social changes experienced as a result of moving into a more conservative Islamic state and highlighting the ability of these families to cope with the differing cultures whilst still trying to keep their identity. These families were considered to be a minority amongst the other foreigners living in Saudi Arabia. The immigrating purposes also vary from one family to another significantly and they all have their own stories to tell. Underneath the coherent appearance of these small community members there is a visible disruptive effect of the migration process seen on the surface. However this can be identified by only someone who has a close connection or understanding with the emotional side that these people face and they can reach their innermost thoughts and experiences and break the barriers of pride. I hope to be able to provide this missing connection and the feelings that have not been yet understood. Firstly I’ll analyze whether the Iraqi families adopted the Saudi way of living as part of adjustment in the society or have they been able to maintain their own distinctiveness? Secondly, what kind of problems of continuity of the two generations have they faced? Have the first generation been able to transfer their beliefs and thoughts to the second generation or has the influence of the Saudi society been more forceful and powerful than they realized. While I conducted a survey of the available information and data with regards to the migration of the Iraqi’s to Saudi Arabia, I was unable to find any detailed study using the ethnographic details available for research.

The Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham Essay Example for Free

The Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham Essay Introduction Jeremy Bentham has written numerous texts but none has had the towering impact on philosophical and legal thinking as his 1789 work titled â€Å"An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislations†. The book spells out a comprehensive theme on the moral and ethical sub structure on which utilitarian philosophy is built.   This is followed by an in depth analysis into the social and legal concerns of crime and punishment. What makes Benthams work extremely useful is the fact that both issues tackled by him have been highly controversial and extremely important topics throughout the modern era and continue to be fiercely debated and dwelt upon to this day. Bentham tackles the principle of utility and aims to link it with the legal verb. To Bentham, society sees highest achievable positive stimulus coupled with the lowest acceptable negative stimulus as something good, or worthwhile. On the other hand, societys perception of bad or corrupt is anything which leads to high negative stimulus and nil amount of positive feeling. These feelings are tangible and intangible, that is, they might be felt through the senses or may leave a mark on his/her soul.   Bentham assumes that these perceptions are integrated into the laws and regulations of a principality and suggests a criterion that calculates the positive and/or negative impact of any decisions flowing from the courts. Bentham identifies the magnitude of the decision, its time scale, its dependability, its qualitative aspects, its fruitfulness, its chastity, and the degree to which it engulfs the stakeholders as the binding tools using which the impact that a certain decision will have can be calculated and on the basis of which the idea of punishment can be studied and its effectiveness as a tool for social correction and betterment can be estimated, including its positive and negative effect on society. Bentham urges law makers and those who interpret of the law to measure the effectiveness of the punishment for it is possible that society, made up of many â€Å"selfs†, may perceive otherwise and the attempt to suppress a negative act may lead to greater manifestation of negativity in the society and its inhabitants. Bentham bases his hypothesis in view of his observation that laws and punishments lacking logic and common sense are not needed as they would lead to society towards greater negativity with far reaching consequences. Bentham then goes on to refute the notion that laws are a product of age, faith, literary compositions, fantasies of the human mind, distaste and fellow feeling. Instead laws, as Bentham sees them, should be constructed by careful examination of the positive and negative stimulus that these prospective laws would have on the society. Rugged Individualism is dangerous for Bentham sees it as a condition where the pursuit of happiness by the self will have adverse effects on those around him, leading to disorder. Thus, laws should be enacted in view of creating the maximum amount of positive stimulus and the lowest acceptable amount of negative feeling in favor of the highest number of people. Analysis Benthams views on the selfs pursuit of positive stimulus is up for scrutiny and synthesis. For Bentham, the self has two primary objectives, being to escape negative feeling and obtain the highest amount of positive feeling. Bentham argues that the pursuit for positive feeling is so strong that the individual self may seem keen to use others as a stepping stone so as to attain it. It is for this reason that Bentham argues against grouping of individuals for these metrics do not hold for long due to the selfs rugged pursuit of individual positive feeling. Thus, by all definitions, the self follows â€Å"utilitarianism†. Bentham banks upon many factors to support his view that humans have certain unique drivers that attempt to spread positivism or negativity amongst those around him. Long lasting political corridors are an example. Bentham makes use of the principles sympathy and antipathy by observing that the self fails to respond to certain actions as it does not feel threatened by them. However, if it does measure these actions in view of the personal effects it may have on itself, its reaction is going to be quite powerful. However, Benthams view of the self as a rigid decision maker on social issues is not without error. By narrowing down to what is right and what is wrong, the external influences on the self are disregarded. Bentham suggests that principle is something that points out some external consideration, as a means of warranting and guiding the internal sentiments of approbation and disapprobation. (Bentham, 75) Thus, the fact that external considerations are the ignition for shaping internal sentiments suggests that morality is also shaped by the environment in which the self resides. It is possible though that moral principle is distasteful. By disagreeing to accept principles, the self returns to its pre civilized state of affairs, that is, returns to its instinct. The tie between the catholic school of thought and the modern day autocratic system of government is explained by Benthams statement that plainness is against the law of human governance as explained by nature itself. To Bentham, both school of thoughts aim to force a code of ethics on the population as a whole, a task which is impossible to begin with. This point is best explained when criticizes using the words though many persons of this class have wielded the reins (sic) of empire, we read of none who have set themselves to work, and made laws of purpose. (Bentham, 73) Bentham goes on and projects a better measure on how to instill ethical considerations into society and improve the standard of governance, both stemming from a monarchist system of government. The Rule of Right under which the royals provided justifications that God had entrusted to them the power to rule was an important issue during Bentham’s lifetime. His theory of Utilitarianism had an answer to all problems of sociology except those arising out of monarchist rule. He argued that when a reformist asked for ethical change in society, the masses responded for this was perceived as something good. Thus, society would be justly governed if the maximum amount of positivism and the lowest amount of negativism would follow from it, Bentham argues that the pursuance of pleasure or positive feeling is paramount to any government. This pursuit of pleasure should extend towards administrative, law making, law enforcement and law making matters. This is evidenced by him saying It is not to be expected that this process should be strictly pursued previously to every moral judgment. (Bentham, 88) By giving thought to the ethical and moral consequences of judicial decision making, Bentham argued for radical reform. Thus, it was possible that simplicity could be sacrificed and ethics kept and thus ensure a fair administrative environment. This would also bring an end to the so called rule of right and its religious fervor.   Thus, Bentham managed to lay the groundwork on which future insight into the field of social morality was constructed. Bentham has a very simple yet powerful explanation to the classification of human positivism or negativism. To him, pleasure and pain are either simple or complex and thus never migrate into other stratifications. The basic observation on the pursuit of happiness and soreness has been termed as very shallow prompting Bentham when he says that â€Å"the simple ones are those which cannot any one of them be resolved into more, (Bentham, 90). Thus, for instance, Benthams remark that the end of the law is to augment happiness is a fair code of administration. (Bentham, 97). However, sometimes safety comes at a cost of pleasure and both sides of the coin are aptly discussed in his book. As the old maxim goes, â€Å"for every dark and light area there is a gray area†. Thus, it was a great feat that Jeremy Bentham managed to break new ground in the study of the origin of the rudiments of the individual’s drive and ethics. He provided a theoretical framework under which it became possible for a government to pursue pleasure for all and regard it as fair administration. While positive stimulus builds character, the probability that good might turn into the opposite s always high and present. Dishonesty has been and continues to be a major issue in governance. Further dwelling upon ways to record these good and bad characters reveals that any government which has positive stimulus at its corner stone ends up being corrupted by the individual’s circumstance. This work by Jeremy Bentham provides a while new insight into the world of ethics. Conclusion The Introduction to the Principles of Morals and legislations by Bentham has formed the sub structure on which the rest of English Utilitarian philosophy is built. It is an important commentary on the principle of utility, theory of action, and the tie between law and morality. Bentham examines morality as a subset of human reaction. The author seeks to enact social reform by trying to bring goal congruence between the interests of the individual and the masses. The history of social reform has not seen a great yet low profile philosopher like Jeremy Bentham. This might be due to the length and width of this draining work. Despite that, his work on utilitarianism has evolved as an important pillar in moral philosophy and his work laid the groundwork for this future development. You have succeeded in understanding the book if one manages to understand utilitarianism, its workings, and how egoism and neutralism converge when viewed in an ethical context. This would help the reader in scrutinizing the theory, internally and externally. However, a thorough reading of this text would ensure that works on this topic by later writers like Mill would seem quite easy to comprehend. Work Cited Bentham, Jeremy. Principles of Morals and Legislation. United States of America: Prometheus Books. ISBN: 0879754346.

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent Design, ultrasound assisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Sachin K. Bhosale, Shreenivas R. Deshpande  and Rajendra D. Wagh Design, ultrasound asisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Abstract: In an attempt to develop an effective and safer anticancer agent, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde 5 have been designed and synthesized under ultrasonication by formylation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-sydnone 4 and characterized by spectral studies. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Anticancer activity of the compounds were tested against 60 human tumor cell lines and compared with standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that compound 5 is most potent against NCI-H23 (Non-Small cell lung cancer) with comparative activity of Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). In future, research and modification of compounds to different derivatives may lead to development of potent anticancer drug. Keywords: Anticancer, 1, 2, 3-oxadiazol-5-olate, Formylation, Ultrasonication INTRODUCTION Mesoionic sydnone compounds have shown a variety of biological activities including antitumor ((Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003, Satyanarayana et al., 1995, Kavali et al., 2000, Dunkley et al., 2003, Fregly et al., 1964, Stewart et al., 1965, Roche et al., 1965). It is thought that the ionic resonance structures of the heterocyclic ring promote significant interactions with biological molecules. In 1992 a series of 4-substituted-3-nitrophenylsydnones were synthesized and evaluated by Grynberg et al for anticancer activity and it was found that the 4-chloro and the 4-pyrrolidino compounds significantly enhanced the survival of Sarcoma 180 (S180), Ehrlich carcinoma (Ehrlich) and Fibrous histiocytoma (B10MCII) tumor bearing mice(Dunkley et al., 2003). It was also found that the larger hetero rings; p-piperidino and p-morpholino, were less potent (Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003). Herein we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two para-chloro substit uted analogues of sudnone molecules 4 and 5. These were tested for 60 human tumor cell lines at the National Cancer Institute for antitumor activity at a minimum of five concentrations at 10-fold dilutions.The synthesized chloro substituted sydnones (4 and 5) passed the primary assay by inhibiting the growth of at least one cell line to less than 32%, and both are proved to be moderate active and versatile against each cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals and reagents were purchased form from Sigma-Aldrich, Mumbai, India. Melting points of the intermediates and the final products were recorded using a Systolic melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. Thin layer chromatographies (TLC) were performed on E-Merck precoated 60 F254 plates and the spots were rendered visible by exposing to UV light. Infra red spectra were recorded in KBr discs using Jasco FTIR 1460 Plus spectrometer. NMR spectra were obtained on a BRUKER AVANCE II 400 NMR spectrometer at 500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C, the chemical shifts are expressed in ÃŽ ´ (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS). Electron impact mass spectra were recorded on WATERS, Q-TOF MICROMASS (LC-MS) instrument. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were in full agreement with the proposed structures within  ±0.4% of the theoretical values. The ultrasonic irradiation was performed by using a Biotechnics India TM ultrasonic cleaner bath, model 1510, AC input 115 V, outp ut 50 W, 1.9 liters with a mechanical timer (60 min with continuous hold) and heater switch, 47 KHz. Synthesis of Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (1) A mixture of Para-Chloroaniline (2.80 g, 0.02mol) and chloroethyl acetate (2.12 mL, 0.02mol) was added to the solution of ethanol (20 mL) and anhydrous sodium acetate (3.28 g, 0.04mol) under ultrasonication conditions and allowed to react for 120 min. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of water and cooled in refrigerator for overnight and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 1 (83%), mp 114-116  ºC. IR (KBr): 3327, 2950, 2934, 2879, 1756, 1069; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 1.21 (t, 3H, COOCH2CH3), 3.76 (s, 1H, NH), 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.54 (q, 2H, COOCH2CH3), 6.83-7.21 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 14.65, 44.73, 62.07, 115.12, 123.22, 129.01, 146.26, 173.13. Synthesis of N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (2) Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (4.26 g, 0.02mol) and sodium hydroxide (1.2 g, 0.030mol) in ethanol was heated under ultrasonication conditions at 65  °C for 15 min and allowed to cool and acidified with dil HCl. Yield 87 %, mp 146-148  ºC. IR (KBr): 3319, 3277, 2951, 2937, 2879, 1703, 1063; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.39 (s, 1H, COOH), 6.55 (s, 1H, NH), 6.79-7.27 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 44.48, 115.02, 124.16, 130.02, 145.97, 171.98. Synthesis of N-nitroso (4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3) Ice cold solution of the N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3.72 g, 0.02mol) was added in crushed ice water (40 mL). A solution of sodium nitrite (1.38 g, 0.02mol) in ice cold water (10 mL) was added dropwise under ultrasonication condition at 0  °C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and precipitated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the filtrate. Precipitate was filtered and recrystallized in methanol to yield 3 (81%), mp 109-111  ºC. IR (KBr): 3255-2521, 2923, 2849, 1711, 1569, 1325, 1062; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 5.02 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.93-7.45 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 11.55 (s, 1H, COOH); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 49.42, 120.75, 128.29, 130.43, 138.78, and 169.25. Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone (4) Acetic anhydride (30 mL) was added to 3 (5.40 g, 0.0252 mol) under ultrasonication condition at room temperature for 60 min. The reaction mixture was left overnightat room temperature. The solution was poured slowly into cold water which was very well stirred. The crude sydnone was filtered, dried and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 4 (93%), mp 139-141  ºC. IR (KBr): 3181, 1748, 1053. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.23 (s, 1H, sydnone), 7.49-8.13 (m, 4H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 123.15, 126.49, 131.53, 136.13, 141.13, 170.07 Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) N-Methylformanilide 2.84g (0.0210mol) and phosphoryl chloride (3.17g, 0.0205mol) were mixed under ultrasonication conditions for 10 min. After 0.5 h, 3.0 g (0.0186mol) of 4 was added portionwise with swirling and cooling under ultrasonication below 350C. Hydrogen chloride was evolved vigorously. After standing overnight, the viscous, dark-brown mixture was dissolved in 15 ml. of acetone and poured (stirring) into 75 ml. of ice water. The yellow-orange precipitate was filtered, washed (cold water), and dried. Yield 56%, mp 75-77 0C. MS (M+) (m/e) 223.99, 225.996, 225.002. IR (KBr): 1790 (Ñ ´C=O sydnone ring), 1640 (Ñ ´C=O aldehyde). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3 (Cl-Ph-), 9.61 (Sydnone-4-CHO). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 127, 129, 129, 130, 130, 134 (Cl-Ph-) 190 (CHO). Element analysis: C; 48.13, H; 2.24, N; 12.47, O; 21.37 Scheme 1-Synthesis of 3-(substituted aryl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) under ultrasonication conditions 1.3. Anticancer screening The synthesized compound was screened for preliminary anticancer assay by National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, USA in an in vitro 60 human tumor cell panel. The process utilized 60 different human tumor cell lines of the leukemia, Non-small cell lung, Colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, Prostrate and breast cancers which was aimed in showing selective growth inhibition or cell killing of particular tumor cell lines by specific compound. The screening begins with the evaluation of selected compounds against these 60 cell lines at a single dose of 10-5 M. The output from the single dose screen is reported as a mean graph of the percent growth of treated cells. It allows detection of both growth inhibition (values between 0 and 100) and lethality (values less than 0) (Roschke et al., 2003, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Senff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Sen ff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011). RESULT Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). Details of % growth inhibition for comp. 4 (NSC 35759) 5 (NSC 774943/1) as shown in table 1. Table1 One dose mean graph for compound 4 (NSC: 35759) and compound 5 (NSC: 774943 / 1) Conc: 1.00E-5 Molar Table 2 Percent Growth inhibition of synthesized compounds against most effective cancer cell lines Figure1 Percentage growh inhibition for cytotoxic activity evaluation of synthesized ompounds Figure 2 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 4 Figure 3 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 5 Figure 4 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of standard anticancer drug Vincristine sulphate. DISCUSSION Molecules synthesized under ultrasonication conditions. The method provides several advantages over current reaction methodologies, including a simple work up procedure. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was also found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that out of 60 human tumor cell lines, compound 5 is highly effective against SNB-75 (CNS cancer) and UO-31 (Renal cancer) human tumor cell lines.Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). CONCLUSION In the process of anticancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-lung cancer agent, we designed and synthesized molecule 5. As compund 5 showed highly cytotoxicity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) in comparision to standard drug Vincristine sulphate, in future, research and development with designing desired modifications of molecule 4 and 5 may develop in safer and effective potential anticancer molecules. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to BCUD, University of Pune, INDIA (Project-13PHM000018) for financial assistance, NCI, USA for carrying out anticancer activity, SAIF Punjab University for spectral study, JNTU Hyderabad and Dr. Dhake A. S., SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Nasik (MS) India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interest. REFERENCES Kier LB, Dhawan D and Fregley MJ (1964) Synthesis of alkyl substituted sydnone carboxylic acids. J. Pharm. Sci., 53: 677. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett., 13(17): 2899-2901. Satyanarayana K and Rao MN (1995) Synthesis, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic testing of 4-[1-oxo-(3-substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-phenylsydnones and of 3-[4-[3-(substituted aryl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl] phenyl] sydnone J. Pharm. Sci., 84(2):263-6. Kavali JR and Badami BV (2000) 1, 5-Benzodiazepine derivatives of 3-arylsydnones: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-aryl-4-[2†²-aryl-2†², 4†², 6†², 7†²-tetrahydro-(1†²H)-1†², 5†²-benzodiazepine-4†²-yl] sydnones. IL Farmaco, 55: 406-409. Fregly MJ, Kier LB and Dhawan D (1964) Chloruretic, naturetic and depressor activities of some substituted sydnones. Tox Appl. Pharmacol., 6:529 Stewart TG and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of several mesoionic 1, 3,4-thiadiazoles. J. Pharm. Sci., 54:731. Roche EB and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of two 4,5- Dialkylsydnone J Pharm. Sci., 54: 1700. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series (VII) as potential antitumor agents. ChemInform, 34:129. Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE and Sellers WR (2005). Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature, 436 (7047):117-122. Adams S, Robbins FM, Chen D, Wagage D, Holbeck SL, Morse HC 3rd, Stroncek D and Marincola FM (2005). HLA class I and II genotype of the NCI-60 cell lines. J. Transl. Med., 3(1):11. Roschke AV, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, McTyre N, Bussey KJ, Lababidi S, Scudiero DA, Weinstein JN and Kirsch IR (2003) Karyotypic complexity of the NCI-60 drug screening panel. Cancer Res, 63(24):8634-8647. Lorenzi PL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Hutchinson AA, Pommier Y, Chanock SJ, Weinstein JN (2009) DNA Fingerprinting of the NCI 60 cell line panel. Mol. Cancer Ther, 8(4):713-24. Mingyi M, Longru S and LouMei Ji (2013) Synthesis and biological evaluation of Combretastatin A-4 derivatives containing a 3-O-substituted carbonic ether moiety as potential antitumor agents. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1):179. Al-Suwaidan IA, Alanazi AM Abdel-Aziz AA, Mohamed MA and El-Azab AS (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-mercapto-3-phenethylquinazoline bearing anilide fragments as potential antitumor agents: Molecular docking study. Bioorganic medicinal chemistry letters, 23:3935-3941. Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Franco CRC, Veiga SS and Oliveira MBM (2004) Cytotoxic effect of a new 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compound (MI-D) on cell lines of human melanoma. Br. J. Cancer; 91(2): 297–304. Butkovic K, Marinic Z and Sindler-Kulyka M (2011) Synthesis of 3-(o-stilbenyl) sydnone and 3-(o-stilbenyl)-4-substitutedsydnone derivatives and their antitumor evaluation. ARKIVOC, 1:15

Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Pretty Ho

Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses All the Pretty Horses, by Cormac McCarthy, is, among other things, an exploration of its main character, John Grady Cole. The author chooses words carefully and sparingly when creating dialogue for Cole. In doing so, McCarthy creates poetic effects and rich meaning from limited verbiage. This novelist lets his readers get to know his main character largely through dialogue instead of through direct description. In this way, readers find the techniques used by McCarthy similar to those used by Ernest Hemingway in many of his books and short stories. Like the dialogue of Hemingway's protagonists, Cole's speech is sparse, but it is indicative of a great deal of meaning. In Cole's brief discourse, wise readers can find many individuality indicators that help us to understand this stoic character. The first verbal exchange of this novel only requires 17 words of Cole. The first twelve words tell us a great deal considering the limited number of words used: I appreciate you lighting the candle, he said. Como? La candela. La vela. (4) On the first line of Cole's dialogue, he shows his appreciation of a kindness done for him. This act suggests some goodness in his character. This sentence is in English. The person speaking with Cole in this scene replies in Spanish, and we find that our protagonist is at least bilingual in the next line when he replies to the other speaker in Spanish. The fact that Cole knows two different Spanish words for candle suggests a more extensive understanding of his second language. Readers will find that this is not the only example of individuality indicators expressed in Cole's speech. McCarth... ...r He decides" (60). John Grady Cole clearly does not state that the end of the world, or anything about the end of the world, will be effected by anything he does. Cole's God is in charge. Some readers may judge by word-count that Cole doesn't say very much in this novel, but such is not the case. Cormac McCarthy's protagonist, John Grady Cole, tells us a great deal about himself through his dialogue. The author of this book, like many contemporary writers, expects a lot of his readers, and rewards close examinations of his work with deep insights about his characters. The near-poetic density of the language of John Grady Cole helps the author to speak volumes without having to beat the reader over the head with obvious conclusions. "Evocal to the intelligent alone--for the rest they need interpreters." --Motto Pindar, Olympian Odes, 2:85-6

Essay --

The Pacific islands were the most difficult to reach, and therefore believed to be the last place on earth discovered by humans. Once settled, mankind finally reached the end of the known habitable world. When the first Europeans arrived to Polynesia in the 1800s, they found the islands already settled. This aroused interest and speculation about the origins of Polynesia, and a debate among scholars, scientist and others concerning this historical aspect of the Pacific continues today. Evidence from the past remains fragmentary, thus many different theories have arisen and are being contested today regarding the origins of the Polynesia Islands. Although there is no definite evidence as to where, when, or how the first settlers reached Polynesia, there are many cultural traditions that show us activities of everyday life from the past and direct to us a better understanding of the beginnings of Polynesia. Songs and lore from ancestors that were passed down from generation to generation ...